Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated in various ways, viz. "BMBS", MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, MB BS, BM, BMed, MBBS etc.), are the two first professional degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one and awarded together. Usually, students who have graduated with a "Bachelor of Medicine" degree may also practice surgery, because it is equivalent to the "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" degree. Professionals holding MBBS Degrees are referred to by the courtesy title of "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr".
The degree is currently awarded in various forms in institutions in Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, China, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Malawi, Philippines, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[1]
Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada, such as University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, University of Toronto, University of Maryland, and Columbia. Several early North American medical schools were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and Scotland. University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification, and in Scotland the Doctor of Medicine, until the mid-19th century when the public bodies that regulated medical practice at the time required practitioners in Scotland as well as England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Throughout the 19th century, North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the Ancient universities of Scotland and began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine, the first institution to make such a switch being King's College (now Columbia University) in New York.[2]
In the countries that award bachelors' degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of a higher doctorate and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr".
Despite their styling as two degrees, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are usually conferred together. At some institutions, such as Oxford and Cambridge, it was possible in the past to be awarded the two degrees in different years.
In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first year courses (for six year degrees) in the basic sciences of physics, chemistry and biology have been abolished, and that standard has to be reached by means of school examinations before entry. However, in most countries a newly-graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in internship before they can obtain full qualification as a medical practitioner.
The specific names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the particular institution, awarding body or country, and vary widely; this is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any particular difference between the relative levels of the degrees, and they are considered equivalent.
If the awarding body titles the degrees in Latin, the degrees are commonly named Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, or Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia, abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. If titled in English, they are named Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, usually abbreviated as MB BS, and sometimes as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees.
Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country.
Most Australian medical schools confer MBBS degrees. However, The University of Newcastle confers BMed. This degree is equivalent to MB BS and any BMed graduate may practice in any field of Medicine of their own choice including surgery. In Australia, Doctor of Medicine (MD) is an advanced research degree requiring two years' full time enrolment, compared to a PhD which requires three years' full time enrolment. The University of Melbourne will award a Doctor of Medicine to their MBBS equivalent graduates as will several others including The University of Western Australia located in Perth.[3]
The Medical University of Bahrain or RCSI-Bahrain, is a constituent university of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and awards its graduates the MB/BCh BAO, the same degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.
All medical schools in Bangladesh award MBBS. The MD is awarded as a research degree in select medical colleges, following the medical tradition of Commonwealth countries.
All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award an MB BCh as the basic medical degree after completion of 6 academic years. Contrary to the US and Canada, an MD is awarded as an advanced research degree, comparable to PhD.
Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas:
At the University of St Andrews, pre-clinical study leads to the award of a BSc (Hons) degree. Students then progress to other institutions to complete their MBChB. At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA), degree (upgradable after three or four years to Master of Arts), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: they used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations, or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations.
The Conjoint diplomas: LRCP, MRCS, and the alternative diploma LMSSA were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal College of Surgeons of England and Society of Apothecaries through the United Examining Board from 1994 until 1999, when the General Medical Council withdrew permission. Prior to 1994, the English Conjoint diploma of LRCP, MRCS was awarded for 110 years, and the LMSSA was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees.[4] The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas.
All Ghanaian medical schools award an MB ChB as the basic medical degree after 6 academic years. These medical schools are Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (http://knust.edu.gh) and University of Ghana.
The University of Guyana awards MB BS. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD. Recently, the University of Guyana acquired accreditation by CAAM-HP, establishing itself as a credible institute and teaching standards in comparison with University of West Indies.
The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong follows the British tradition. The dual degree is awarded as:
Medical colleges, accredited by the Medical Council of India, award MBBS ("Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery"). Qualifications in medicine and surgery, LMS or LMP, were also formerly awarded after a shorter course, originally at a "medical school" rather than a "medical college". In addition, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bombay formerly awarded a licentiate at LMS level, a membership (MCPS) at MBBS level and a fellowship (FCPS) at MD level. The State Medical Faculty of West Bengal (previously of Bengal) similarly gave licentiates and memberships on an external basis.
In India to obtain admission in a MBBS course, the basic criteria is that a candidate should have scored more than 60+% marks in physics, chemistry and biology aggregate in their 10+2 grade. In addition to that the candidate should have appeared for the PMT exams conducted by the government which are very tough and as per international standards. Around 1 Million candidates compete for 32000 MBBS seats.
The Indian MBBS is not equivalent to the US M.D. While a graduate with an MBBS can conceivably practice in countries that confer the degree, to practice in the US, those degrees are equivalent to an undergraduate degree and the first 2 years of medical school (which is 6 years). Those with an MBBS who wish to practice in the US would be required to take the USMLE, get an ECFMG certificate, then apply and complete a residency.
In Indonesia, medicine is an undergraduate study. The Bachelor of Medicine program is completed in 3.5 up to 4 years and graduating students are awarded the degree of S.Ked (Sarjana Kedokteran / Bachelor of Medicine). At this point, the graduate is not yet a doctor, but he or she may choose to work directly as a scientist or other non-clinician professions (usually still health-related). However, most S.Ked graduates will pursue the conventional path, which is to enroll in the clerkship program for another 1.5 up to 2 years. This makes the total duration of medical school 5 or 6 years. After they finish clerkship, they will take their Hippocratic Oath and be awarded the title of dr. (medical doctor, equivalent to M.D. in United States). Graduates who hold this title are licensed and may now practice medicine. Note that this title is written in lowercase "d", as opposed to uppercase "D", Dr., which in Indonesia refers to a Ph.D.
In Iran, the primary medical (postgraduate) degree is completed in 7 years. Medical graduates are awarded a postgraduate certificate in general medicine and referred to as general doctors. They may subsequently specialize in a specific medical field at medical school offering the necessary qualification, and upon graduation apply for specialist training posts.
All medical schools in Iraq award MB ChB.
The University of Limerick awards BM BS. The other medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland—namely Queen's University Belfast, University of Dublin (Trinity College), some constituent institutions of the National University of Ireland (University College Dublin, University College Cork and National University of Ireland, Galway), and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland—award the degrees of MB BCh BAO. The letters BAO stand for Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia (Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination in obstetrics. This third degree is an anachronism which is not registerable with the Irish Medical Council nor the British General Medical Council (GMC).
LRCPI LRCSI, or simply LRCP&SI, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying licenciates awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland to students of the RCSI's medical school under the Irish Conjoint Scheme. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees MB BCh BAO, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the National University of Ireland. The RCSI students also received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI or more misleadingly as LLM, RCP&SI.
LAH formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, and is no longer awarded.
The Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree is awarded in Jordan after completion of six years comprising three years of medical sciences and three clinical years. Currently, four state supported universities grant the degree which are:
The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely the University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University, Moi University, Maseno University and Egerton University award MB ChB.
Mount Kenya University awards a different degree, the Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Community Health.
There are two major medical universities in Libya, University of Tripoli (Tripoli) and Garyounis University (Benghazi). Both schools award MBBCh. There is also a credited private university called Libyan International Medical University.
11 Public Universities
MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery) :
• Universiti Malaya (UM) - October 1949 • Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM) - May 1995 • Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) - June 2003 • Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) - July 2005 • Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) - July 2009
MD (Doctor of Medicine) :
• Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) - May 1973 • Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) - June 1979 • Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) - May 1995 • Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) - August 1996 • Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) - June 2003 • Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) - Sept 2011
22 Private Universities
• International Medical University (IMU) • Monash University Malaysia Campus • Management and Science University - International Medical School (MSU-IMS) • Melaka-Manipal Medical College (MMMC) • Penang Medical College (PMC) • Asian Institute of Medicine, Sciences & Technology (AIMST University) • UniKL Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP) • UCSI University • Allianze University College of Medical Sciences (AUCMS) • Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences (CUCMS) • MAHSA University College • Taylor's University • Newcastle University Medical School • Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) • Masterskill University College of Health Sciences (MUCH) • SEGI University College • Insaniah University College • Perdana University (Graduate Entry Medical Program)
All five medical schools (UM1, UM 2, DSMA, UMDY, UMG) in Myanmar award MB BS.
All 12 medical schools in Nepal award MB BS.
The Following is a short list of Medical Colleges in Nepal:
Nepalgunj Medical College (NGMC) B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science Kathmandu Medical College Kathmandu University, College of Medical Sciences Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS) Nepal Medical College Tribhuvan University, Institute of Medicines
The two New Zealand medical schools, Auckland and Otago, style their degrees as MB ChB.
All sixty-nine medical colleges and schools in Pakistan award MBBS.[5]
In the People's Republic of China, medical graduates are traditionally awarded a Bachelor of Medicine (BMed) for a course of study lasting five or six years. However, as of 2010, 34 universities, including its frequently top-ranked medical schools, have been authorized by the government to award the MB BS degree as an equivalent to the BMed.[6] These universities are:
Peking University Health Science Center
Zhejiang University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Fudan University
Capital Medical University
Tianjin Medical University
Dalian Medical University
China Medical University
Jilin University
Harbin Medical University
Southeast University
Nanjing Medical University
Soochow University
Zhejiang University
Wenzhou Medical College
Shandong University
Qingdao University
Zhengzhou University
Wuhan University
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Central South University
Southern Medical University
Guangxi Medical University
Sichuan University
Chongqing Medical University
Xian Jiaotong University
Xinjiang Medical University
Nantong University
Fujian Medical University
Anhui Medical University
Hebei Medical University
Shantou University
Guangzhou Medical College
Ningxia Medical University
Nanchang University
Beihua University
Jiamusi University
Ningbo University
Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award MB BS.
One such medical school is Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies.
All medical schools in Scotland (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow) award MB ChB.
The University of St Andrews School of Medicine awarded MB ChB until the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the University of Dundee, St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinical BSc or BSc (Hons), and students go to a Partner Medical School (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Manchester where they are awarded an MB ChB after a further three years' study.
The Scottish Triple Conjoint Diploma of LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG (earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, previously through a Conjoint Board and from 1994 through the United Examining Board. These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC, but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999.
The University of Pretoria, University of Cape Town, University of the Free State, University of Stellenbosch, University of KwaZulu-Natal and MEDUNSA all award MB ChB, whereas the University of the Witwatersrand styles its degree as MB BCh. See Medical education in South Africa.
The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore confers MB BS. The American Duke University also has a medical programme based in Singapore, but it follows the North-American model of styling its degree Doctor of Medicine.[7]
The University of Colombo, Sabaragamuwa University, University of Peradeniya, University of Kelaniya (Ragama), University of Ruhuna, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Rajarata University, University of Jaffna and Eastern University of Sri Lanka all award MB BS.
All Sudanese medical schools award BM BCh.
Use of the M. D. Title: The Wisconsin Medical Society defends the use of the M.D. title by physicians who graduated with an M.B.B.S. and are licensed to practice medicine in Wisconsin.[8]
The four universities in Uganda that have medical schools, namely Makerere University, Mbarara University, Gulu University and Kampala International University, all award the MBChB degree.
Both universities in Wales that have medical schools, namely Cardiff University and Swansea University, award MB BCh.
All constituent countries of the University of the West Indies (UWI) confer MB BS, due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the University of London. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-American system leading to MD.
Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are professional qualifications which lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees, so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are undergraduate or graduate degrees (depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so-called first professional degree. Other professions whose qualifications follow a similar pattern include:
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as general/ordinary degrees, not as honours degrees, and as such the graduate is not classified as for honours degrees in other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example the University of Sheffield, University of Liverpool, University of Leicester and University of Manchester in England and the University of Dundee in Scotland) it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons.)) or with Commendation, if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very few of these are awarded.
More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an intercalated honours degree. This is usually a Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Medical Science (BMedSci), Bachelor of Medical Biology (BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded. At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of Edinburgh had a six year course, the third year was followed by award of an ordinary BSc(MedSci). In Australia, The University of Melbourne in Australia offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University offers a Law degree (LLB); if the optional Law degree is undertaken, on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham and the University of Southampton, both in England, all medical students on the five year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland along with certain National University of Ireland medical schools offers a BMedSci qualification on completion of a thesis based on 2–3 months of summer research; only students achieving honours in their preclinical courses are eligible to receive the degree. At Imperial College London and University College London, certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a PhD. Upon completion of the PhD, the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course in order to receive his/her MBBS degeee. The University of the West Indies, Mona in Kingston, Jamaica automatically awards a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree to all students who have successfully completed year 3 of their MB BS programme.[10]
Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country.
Medical graduates are also eligible to sit various postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and fellowship of professional institutions (such as Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons), postgraduate Masters degrees (such as a Master of Surgery or Master of Obstetrics) and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (e.g. Doctor of Medicine, if earned in Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations), and board certification examinations.
|
|
|||||